|
The stem duchies ((ドイツ語:Stammesherzogtümer), from ''Stamm'' "tribe", in reference to the Germanic tribes of the Franks, Saxons, Bavarians and Swabians) were the constituent duchies of the kingdom of Germany at the time of the extinction of the Carolingian dynasty (the death of Louis the Child in 911) and the transitional period leading to the formation of the Holy Roman Empire later in the 10th century. The Carolingians had dissolved the original tribal duchies of the Frankish Empire in the 8th century. As the Carolingian Empire declined in the late 9th century, the old tribal areas assumed new identities as the subdivisions of the realm. These are the five stem duchies (sometimes also called "younger stem duchies" in reference to the pre-Carolingian tribal duchies): Bavaria, Franconia, Lotharingia, Saxony and Swabia (Alemannia). 〔See Donald C. Jackman, ''The Konradiner: A Study in Genealogical Methodology'', 1990, (p. 87 ), citing Hans-Werner Guetz, ''"Dux" und "Ducatus." Begriffs- und verfassungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur Enstehung des sogenannten "jüngeren Stammesherzogtums" an der Wende vom neunten zum zehnten Jahrhundert'', 1977.〕 The stem duchies were retained as the major division of Germany under the Salian dynasty, but they became increasingly obsolete during the high medieval period under the Hohenstaufen, and they were finally abolished in 1180 by Frederick Barbarossa in favour of more numerous territorial duchies. The term ''Stammesherzogtum'' used German historiography dates to the mid 19th century, and from the beginning was tied up in the question of national unification. Its applicability and the nature of the stem-duchies in medieval Germany consequently have a long history of controversy. The overly literal or etymologizing English translation "stem duchy" was coined in the early 20th century.〔Ephraim Emerton, ''Mediaeval Europe (814-1300)'', 1903; "Revival of the Roman Empire on a German Basis, 888–950" (pp. 89–114 ); Emerton uses English stem in its archaic sense of "stock, race, ancestry" ((Webster's (1828) ): "a race or generation of progenitors"; (Oxford Dictionaries ): "(''archaic'' or ''literary'') The main line of descent of a family or nation"). "We may fairly think of the German kingdom under Henry I as a federation of five distinct stems, each far more conscious of its stem-unity than of its share in the unity of the nation" (p. 105); "All five stems were represented (the election of Conrad II in 1024 ) by their leading men, not yet, so far as we know, by any well-defined process of representation, but only in pursuance of the ancient Germanic principle that every man who carried a sword had a right to speak on matters of the public weal. " ((p. 175 ))〕 While later authors tend to clarify the term by using the alternative translation "tribal", it has become conventional.〔"Germany consisted in 911 of the five tribal, or, as the Germans call them, 'stem' (''Stamm''), duchies of Saxony, Franconia, Bavaria, Swabia, and Lorraine. () The people of the various 'stem' duchies showed characteristic traits also in culture and language. And though the tribal duchies had lost their political role in German history by the thirteenth century and had been replaced by other and usually smaller regional units, their tribal dialects and folklore have surivved to the present day and even now act as strong forces toward cultural diversiy. In this respect, "Teutonic" Germany has had a thousand years of historical unity." Hajo Holborn, ''A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation'', 1982, (p. 4 ).〕 ==German tribes (''Stämme'')== The derivation of the German people from a number of German tribes (''Deutsche Stämme; Volksstämme'') developed in 18th to 19th century German historiography and ethnography. This concept of German "stems" relates to the early and high medieval period and is to be distinguished from the more generic Germanic tribes of Late Antiquity. A distinction was sometimes made between the "ancient stems" (''Altstämme''), which were in existence in the 10th century, and "recent stems" (''Neustämme''), which emerged in the high medieval period as a result of eastward expansion. The delineation of the two concepts is necessarily vague, and as a result the concept has a history of political and academic dispute.〔Hans-Werner Goetz: ''Die „Deutschen Stämme“ als Forschungsproblem''. In: Heinrich Beck, Dieter Geuenich, Heiko Steuer, Dietrich Hakelberg (ed.): ''Zur Geschichte der Gleichung „germanisch-deutsch“''. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2004, ( pp. 229–253 ) (p. 247).〕 The terms ''Stamm'', ''Nation'' or ''Volk'' variously used in modern German historiography reflect the Middle Latin ''gens'', ''natio'' or ''populus'' of the medieval source material. Traditional German historiography counts six ''Altstämme'' or "ancient stems", viz. Bavarians, Swabians (Alamanni), Franks, Saxons, Frisians and Thuringians. All of these were incorporated in the Carolingian Empire by the late 8th century. Only four of them are represented in the later stem duchies; the former Merovingian duchy of Thuringia was absorbed into Saxony in 908 while the former Frisian kingdom had been conquered into Francia already in 734. The customary or tribal laws of these groups were recorded in the early medieval period (''Lex Baiuvariorum'', ''Lex Alamannorum'', ''Lex Salica'' and ''Lex Ripuaria'', ''Lex Saxonum'', ''Lex Frisonum'' and ''Lex Thuringorum''). Franconian, Saxon and Swabian law remained in force and competed with imperial law well into the 13th century. The list of "recent stems" or ''Neustämme'', is much less definite and subject to considerable variation; groups that have been listed under this heading include the Märker, Lausitzer, Mecklenburger, Upper Saxons, Pomeranians, Silesians, and East Prussians, roughly reflecting German settlement activity during the 12th to 15th centuries. The use of ''Stämme'', "tribes", rather than ''Völker'' "nations, peoples", emerged in the early 19th century in the context of the project of German unification. Karl Friedrich Eichhorn in 1808 still used ''Deutsche Völker'' "German nations". Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann in 1815 asked for unity of the German nation (''Volk'') in its tribes (''in seinen Stämmen''). This terminology became standard and is reflected in the preamble of the Weimar constitution of 1919, reading ''Das deutsche Volk, einig in seinen Stämmen ()'' "The German nation (people), united in its tribes (stems) ...". The composition of the German population of these stems or tribes as a historical reality is mostly recognized in contemporary historiography, while the caveat is frequently made that each of them should be treated as an individual case with a different history of ethnogenesis,〔Carl Erdmann: ''Der Name Deutsch.'' In: ''Karl der Große oder Charlemagne? Acht Antworten deutscher Geschichtsforscher''. Berlin 1935, S. 94–105. Hans Kurt Schulze: ''Grundstrukturen der Verfassung im Mittelalter''. Band 1: ''Stamm, Gefolgschaft, Lehenswesen, Grundherrschaft.'' Urban-Taschenbuch, Stuttgart 1985, p. 37. Hans-Werner Goetz: ''Die „Deutschen Stämme“ als Forschungsproblem''. In: Heinrich Beck, Dieter Geuenich, Heiko Steuer, Dietrich Hakelberg (ed.): ''Zur Geschichte der Gleichung „germanisch-deutsch“''. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2004, 229–253 (p. 238).〕 although some historians have revived the terminology of "peoples" (''Völker'') rather than "tribes" (''Stämme'').〔so Carlrichard Brühl, ''Deutschland – Frankreich: die Geburt zweier Völker''. 2nd ed. 1995, pp. 243ff〕 The division remains in current use in the conventional classification of German dialects into Franconian, Alemannic, Thuringian, Bavarian and Low Saxon (including Friso-Saxon, with Frisian proper being regarded as a separate language). In the Free State of Bavaria, the division into "Bavarian stems" (''bayerische Stämme'') remains current for the populations of Altbayern (Bavaria proper), Franconia and Swabia. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「stem duchy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|